Concussion Clinic Springfield: Your Complete Guide to Brain Injury Diagnosis, Treatment & Recovery

A concussion is more than just “getting your bell rung” – it’s a serious traumatic brain injury that requires expert medical evaluation and comprehensive care. At Health Hub Springfield Lakes, our medical team provides world-class concussion assessment, treatment, and recovery management using the latest evidence-based protocols recognized by leading neurological institutions worldwide.

Understanding Concussion: The Medical Reality

A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused by a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an impulsive force transmitted to the head. This biomechanical disruption causes a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, leading to clinical symptoms that may or may not involve loss of consciousness.

The Neurobiological Cascade of Concussion

When a concussion occurs, the brain undergoes a series of complex metabolic and physiological changes:

Immediate Phase (0-6 hours):

Neuronal membrane disruption and ionic flux changes
Massive release of excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate)
Calcium influx leading to mitochondrial dysfunction
Decreased cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism

Acute Phase (6 hours – 7 days):

Neuroinflammatory response activation
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction
Altered protein synthesis and cellular repair mechanisms
Potential axonal injury and cytoskeletal damage

Subacute Phase (1-4 weeks):

Ongoing metabolic recovery
Neuroplasticity and compensatory mechanisms
Potential for secondary injury if not properly managed

Chronic Phase (>1 month):

Long-term structural and functional adaptations
Risk of persistent post-concussive symptoms
Potential cumulative effects from multiple injuries

Comprehensive Concussion Assessment at Health Hub Springfield Lakes

Initial Emergency Evaluation

Our concussion clinic follows the internationally recognized SCAT6 (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool – 6th Edition) protocol, developed by the Concussion in Sport Group and endorsed by major medical organizations worldwide.

Immediate On-Field Assessment:

Glasgow Coma Scale evaluation
Cervical spine injury screening
Red flag symptom identification
Cognitive and balance screening tests

Red Flag Symptoms Requiring Emergency Care:

Loss of consciousness >1 minute
Deteriorating mental status
Severe or worsening headache
Repeated vomiting
Seizure activity
Significant confusion or disorientation
Focal neurological deficits
Neck pain or cervical spine tenderness

Advanced Diagnostic Protocols

Comprehensive Clinical Assessment:

Detailed medical and concussion history
Symptom inventory using validated scales
Cognitive assessment battery
Vestibular and oculomotor examination
Balance and coordination testing
Cervical spine evaluation

Neuropsychological Testing:

ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing): Computerized neurocognitive assessment measuring visual and verbal memory, processing speed, and reaction time
CNS Vital Signs: Comprehensive cognitive battery assessing multiple domains
King-Devick Test: Rapid sideline assessment of saccadic eye movements

Advanced Imaging When Indicated:

CT Scan: For suspected intracranial hemorrhage or structural injury
MRI: Advanced imaging for persistent symptoms or suspected diffuse axonal injury
DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging): Research-grade imaging for white matter tract assessment
fMRI: Functional connectivity assessment in complex cases

Evidence-Based Concussion Classification

Severity Grading Systems

Historical Cantu Grading Scale (Modified):

Grade 1 (Mild): No loss of consciousness, post-traumatic amnesia <30 minutes
Grade 2 (Moderate): Loss of consciousness <5 minutes or post-traumatic amnesia 30 minutes-24 hours
Grade 3 (Severe): Loss of consciousness >5 minutes or post-traumatic amnesia >24 hours

Modern Approach – Symptom-Based Classification:
Current best practice has moved away from rigid grading systems toward individualized assessment based on:

Symptom profile and severity
Cognitive impairment patterns
Recovery trajectory
Individual risk factors

Post-Concussion Symptom Clusters

Physical Symptoms:

Headache (reported in 85-90% of cases)
Dizziness and balance problems
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue and sleep disturbances
Visual problems and light sensitivity
Hearing problems and noise sensitivity

Cognitive Symptoms:

Memory problems (short-term and working memory)
Concentration difficulties
Processing speed reduction
Executive function impairments
Attention and focus problems

Emotional/Behavioral Symptoms:

Irritability and mood changes
Depression and anxiety
Emotional lability
Social withdrawal
Personality changes

Sleep-Related Symptoms:

Insomnia and sleep fragmentation
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Altered sleep-wake cycles
Non-restorative sleep patterns

Comprehensive Treatment Protocols

Acute Phase Management (First 24-48 Hours)

Immediate Care Priorities:

Rule out serious brain injury requiring emergency intervention
Implement cognitive and physical rest protocols
Monitor for symptom progression or deterioration
Provide patient and family education about expected recovery

Evidence-Based Rest Protocols:

Cognitive Rest: Limit activities requiring concentration, memory, or attention
Physical Rest: Avoid activities that worsen symptoms or increase heart rate
Graduated Return: Begin light activity as tolerated after initial rest period

Subacute Phase Management (2 days – 4 weeks)

Symptom-Specific Treatment Approaches:

Headache Management:

Pharmacological Options:
- Acetaminophen (first-line for mild headaches)
- NSAIDs (with caution due to bleeding risk in acute phase)
- Topiramate for prophylaxis in chronic cases
- Avoid opioids and combination analgesics
Non-Pharmacological Approaches:
- Cervical spine physiotherapy
- Trigger point therapy
- Stress management techniques
- Sleep hygiene optimization

Vestibular Rehabilitation:

Gaze Stabilization Exercises: VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex) training
Balance Training: Progressive balance challenges
Habituation Exercises: Gradual exposure to motion stimuli
Cervicogenic Component Treatment: Upper cervical spine mobilization

Cognitive Rehabilitation:

Attention Training: Sustained, selective, and divided attention exercises
Memory Strategies: Compensatory techniques and memory aids
Executive Function Training: Problem-solving and planning skills
Processing Speed Enhancement: Computer-based cognitive training programs

Sleep Optimization:

Sleep Hygiene Education: Consistent sleep-wake cycles
Pharmacological Interventions: Melatonin, trazodone, or zolpidem when appropriate
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): Evidence-based non-pharmacological approach
Environmental Modifications: Light exposure therapy, temperature control

Return-to-Activity Protocols

Return-to-School/Work Protocol:
Following the graduated return-to-school protocol developed by the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation:

Stage 1: Daily activities at home (no symptoms with cognitive activities)
Stage 2: School/work activities (homework, reading, computer work)
Stage 3: Return to school/work part-time
Stage 4: Return to school/work full-time
Stage 5: Return to full academic/work load and extra-curricular activities

Return-to-Sport Protocol:
Following the 2017 Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport:

Stage 1: Symptom-limited activity (daily activities, light walking)
Stage 2: Light aerobic exercise (stationary cycling, walking at moderate pace)
Stage 3: Sport-specific exercise (running, skating drills without head impact)
Stage 4: Non-contact training drills (more complex training activities)
Stage 5: Full-contact practice (normal training activities)
Stage 6: Return to play (normal game play)

Each stage should be 24 hours minimum, with progression only if asymptomatic.

Advanced Treatment Modalities

Pharmacological Interventions

Neuroprotective Agents (Research Stage):

Citicoline: Shows promise in accelerating recovery
N-Acetylcysteine: Potential antioxidant effects
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Anti-inflammatory properties
Magnesium Supplementation: May reduce headache frequency

Symptom-Specific Medications:

Depression/Anxiety: SSRIs (sertraline, escitalopram) with careful monitoring
Sleep Disorders: Melatonin, trazodone, or zolpidem
Headache Prevention: Topiramate, propranolol, or amitriptyline
ADHD-like Symptoms: Stimulants (with extreme caution and specialist consultation)

Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT):

Mechanism: Enhanced oxygen delivery to damaged brain tissue
Protocol: 1.5-2.0 ATA for 60-90 minutes
Evidence: Mixed results, more research needed
Indications: Persistent symptoms >3 months post-injury

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS):

Mechanism: Non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance neuroplasticity
Applications: Cognitive enhancement, depression treatment
Safety Profile: Generally well-tolerated with minimal side effects

Neurofeedback Therapy:

Approach: EEG-based brain training
Applications: Attention, memory, and emotional regulation
Evidence: Emerging research shows promise for cognitive symptoms

Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS)

Definition and Prevalence

Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms occur when concussion symptoms persist beyond the expected recovery timeframe:

Adults: >4 weeks post-injury
Children/Adolescents: >4 weeks post-injury (previously 1 month)
Prevalence: 10-15% of all concussions develop PPCS

Risk Factors for PPCS

Pre-Injury Factors:

History of previous concussions
Pre-existing mental health conditions
Learning disabilities or ADHD
Migraine history
Female gender (in some studies)

Injury-Related Factors:

Loss of consciousness
Post-traumatic amnesia duration
Initial symptom severity
Presence of early headache

Post-Injury Factors:

Inadequate initial rest
Early return to activity
Poor sleep quality
Psychological stress
Litigation/compensation issues

PPCS Treatment Strategies

Multidisciplinary Approach:

Neurology: Medication management, seizure monitoring
Neuropsychology: Cognitive rehabilitation, psychological support
Physiotherapy: Vestibular rehabilitation, cervical spine treatment
Occupational Therapy: Activity modification, energy conservation
Psychiatry: Mental health co-morbidities management

Specialized Interventions:

Graded Exercise Therapy: Structured aerobic exercise program
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Address maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Meditation and relaxation techniques
Family Education and Support: Understanding and supporting recovery

Pediatric Concussion: Special Considerations

Developmental Differences

Anatomical Factors:

Larger head-to-body ratio increases injury risk
Thinner skull provides less protection
Ongoing myelination affects injury response
Different neck muscle strength and control

Physiological Differences:

Longer recovery times compared to adults
Different metabolic responses to injury
Greater susceptibility to second impact syndrome
Unique cognitive and academic impacts

Pediatric Assessment Tools

Age-Specific Protocols:

Child SCAT6: For ages 5-12 years
SCAT6: For ages 13+ years
Parent/Caregiver Questionnaires: Observable behavior changes
Teacher Report Forms: Academic and behavioral changes

Return-to-Learn Protocol

Academic Accommodation Strategies:

Cognitive Rest Period: Initial 24-48 hours
Gradual Academic Re-introduction: Step-wise return to learning
Environmental Modifications: Reduced lighting, noise control
Schedule Modifications: Shortened school days, frequent breaks
Assignment Modifications: Extended deadlines, reduced workload

Concussion Prevention Strategies

Primary Prevention

Equipment and Rule Modifications:

Helmet Technology: MIPS (Multi-directional Impact Protection System)
Rule Changes: Reducing head contact in sports
Playing Surface: Impact-absorbing materials
Fair Play Initiatives: Emphasizing sportsmanship and safety

Education and Awareness:

Athlete Education: Recognition of symptoms and reporting
Coach Training: Proper technique instruction and safety protocols
Parent Education: Understanding risks and supporting safety
Official Training: Consistent rule enforcement

Secondary Prevention

Proper Recognition and Management:

Immediate Removal: “When in doubt, sit them out”
Medical Evaluation: Trained healthcare professional assessment
Graduated Return Protocols: Evidence-based progression
Multi-Impact Consideration: Cumulative effect awareness

Long-Term Consequences and Monitoring

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Current Understanding:

Definition: Progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive brain trauma
Pathology: Tau protein accumulation in specific brain regions
Diagnosis: Currently only possible post-mortem
Risk Factors: Multiple concussions, subconcussive impacts

Clinical Presentation:

Early Symptoms: Mood changes, behavioral problems
Progressive Symptoms: Memory loss, executive dysfunction
Late Symptoms: Dementia, motor symptoms
Age of Onset: Typically 40-50 years old

Long-Term Monitoring Protocols

Regular Follow-Up Assessment:

Neuropsychological Testing: Annual cognitive assessment
Symptom Monitoring: Standardized questionnaires
Neurological Examination: Clinical assessment of function
Advanced Imaging: When clinically indicated

Biomarker Research:

Blood-Based Biomarkers: S100B, GFAP, UCH-L1, tau proteins
CSF Biomarkers: Research applications
Neuroimaging Biomarkers: DTI, fMRI connectivity patterns
Genetic Markers: APOE status and other risk factors

Technology and Innovation in Concussion Care

Diagnostic Technologies

Portable Assessment Tools:

King-Devick Test: Rapid sideline screening
EyeGuide Focus: Eye-tracking technology
BrainScope One: Portable EEG-based assessment
Abbott i-STAT: Point-of-care biomarker testing

Advanced Imaging Techniques:

Functional MRI: Network connectivity assessment
Diffusion Tensor Imaging: White matter integrity
PET Scanning: Metabolic activity measurement
SPECT Imaging: Cerebral blood flow assessment

Wearable Technology

Impact Monitoring:

Head Impact Telemetry: Real-time impact measurement
Accelerometer-Based Devices: Cumulative exposure tracking
Smart Mouthguards: Integrated impact sensors
Helmet Sensors: Sport-specific monitoring systems

Digital Therapeutics

Cognitive Training Apps:

Lumosity: Cognitive exercises and tracking
BrainHQ: Evidence-based brain training
Cogmed: Working memory training
Elevate: Comprehensive cognitive training

Symptom Tracking Applications:

Concussion Tracker: Symptom monitoring and trends
HeadCheck Health: Comprehensive concussion management
SWAY Medical: Balance and cognitive assessment
BrainBaseline: Pre-injury baseline establishment

Research and Future Directions

Current Research Areas

Biomarker Development:

Blood-Based Diagnostics: Rapid, objective assessment tools
Saliva Testing: Non-invasive biomarker collection
Tear Fluid Analysis: Novel biomarker source
Genetic Susceptibility: Personalized risk assessment

Treatment Innovation:

Stem Cell Therapy: Regenerative medicine approaches
Pharmacological Neuroprotection: Drug development for acute injury
Neurostimulation Techniques: TMS, tDCS, and other modalities
Virtual Reality Rehabilitation: Immersive therapy environments

Emerging Therapeutic Targets

Neuroinflammation Modulation:

Microglial Activation: Targeting neuroinflammatory responses
Cytokine Regulation: Anti-inflammatory interventions
Blood-Brain Barrier Repair: Vascular integrity restoration

Metabolic Support:

Mitochondrial Function: Energy production optimization
Glucose Metabolism: Metabolic support strategies
Antioxidant Therapy: Oxidative stress reduction

Quality of Life and Functional Outcomes

Comprehensive Recovery Assessment

Functional Outcome Measures:

Glasgow Outcome Scale – Extended (GOSE): Overall functional status
Disability Rating Scale (DRS): Comprehensive disability assessment
Functional Independence Measure (FIM): Daily living activities
Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4): Community integration

Quality of Life Indicators:

SF-36 Health Survey: General health-related quality of life
Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI): Brain injury-specific assessment
Satisfaction with Life Scale: Subjective well-being measurement
Beck Depression Inventory: Mental health screening

Family and Caregiver Support

Education and Training:

Understanding Concussion: Pathophysiology and recovery process
Symptom Recognition: Identifying changes and complications
Activity Modification: Supporting appropriate activity levels
Communication Strategies: Effective interaction techniques

Support Resources:

Support Groups: Peer connections and shared experiences
Counseling Services: Professional mental health support
Educational Materials: Written resources and online tools
Community Resources: Local services and programs

Healthcare System Integration

Multidisciplinary Care Model

Primary Care Integration:

Initial Assessment: First-line evaluation and management
Ongoing Monitoring: Regular follow-up and symptom tracking
Referral Coordination: Specialist care when indicated
Return-to-Activity Clearance: Medical clearance protocols

Specialist Consultation:

Neurology: Complex symptom management and neurological assessment
Neuropsychology: Cognitive assessment and rehabilitation
Sports Medicine: Athletic population expertise
Rehabilitation Medicine: Comprehensive rehabilitation planning

Healthcare Provider Training

Education Requirements:

Medical School Curriculum: Basic concussion knowledge
Residency Training: Specialized assessment and management
Continuing Education: Updated guidelines and best practices
Certification Programs: Specialized concussion training

Clinical Guidelines:

Evidence-Based Protocols: Standardized assessment and treatment
Quality Measures: Outcome tracking and improvement
Safety Standards: Risk management and liability
Documentation Requirements: Legal and medical record keeping

Economic Impact and Healthcare Policy

Cost Analysis

Direct Medical Costs:

Emergency Department Visits: Initial assessment and imaging
Specialist Consultations: Neurology, neuropsychology, rehabilitation
Diagnostic Testing: Imaging, cognitive testing, laboratory studies
Treatment Interventions: Therapy services, medications

Indirect Costs:

Lost Productivity: Work and school absence
Caregiver Burden: Family impact and support needs
Long-Term Care: Persistent symptom management
Legal Expenses: Litigation and compensation costs

Policy Implications

Legislation and Regulation:

Youth Sports Safety Laws: Concussion education and management requirements
Return-to-Play Policies: Medical clearance mandates
Healthcare Coverage: Insurance reimbursement for concussion care
Workplace Safety: Occupational concussion prevention and management

Expert Care at Health Hub Springfield Lakes

Our Concussion Clinic Services

Comprehensive Assessment:

Same-day urgent consultations for acute injuries
Detailed neurological and cognitive evaluation
Advanced diagnostic testing and imaging coordination
Baseline testing for at-risk populations

Evidence-Based Treatment:

Individualized treatment plans based on symptom profile
Multidisciplinary care coordination
Advanced rehabilitation techniques
Mental health support and counseling

Recovery Monitoring:

Regular follow-up appointments and reassessment
Objective outcome tracking and measurement
Return-to-activity protocol supervision
Long-term monitoring for complex cases

Why Choose Health Hub Springfield Lakes for Concussion Care?

Clinical Excellence:

Board-certified physicians with concussion expertise
Evidence-based protocols following international guidelines
Comprehensive assessment using validated tools
Multidisciplinary team approach

Advanced Resources:

State-of-the-art diagnostic equipment
Computerized neurocognitive testing
Vestibular rehabilitation capabilities
Coordination with specialist services

Patient-Centered Care:

Individualized treatment plans
Family education and support
School and workplace accommodation assistance
24/7 emergency consultation availability

Research and Innovation:

Participation in concussion research studies
Access to latest treatment modalities
Continuing education and training
Quality improvement initiatives

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

Emergency Situations

Call 000 Immediately If:

Loss of consciousness >1 minute
Severe confusion or disorientation
Repeated vomiting
Seizure activity
Severe or worsening headache
Weakness or numbness in arms/legs
Difficulty staying awake
Significant behavioral changes

Urgent Medical Consultation Required

Contact Health Hub Springfield Lakes Urgently If:

Any head injury with symptoms
Worsening symptoms after initial improvement
New symptoms developing days after injury
Difficulty with daily activities
Persistent headache or dizziness
Memory or concentration problems
Mood changes or irritability

Prevention and Education

Community Education Programs

School-Based Initiatives:

Teacher and staff training programs
Student education about brain injury
Parent information sessions
Sports safety protocol development

Sports Organization Partnerships:

Coach education and certification
Referee and official training
Equipment safety assessments
Policy development and implementation

Public Awareness Campaigns

Key Messages:

Concussion is a serious brain injury
Early recognition and proper management are crucial
Recovery takes time and patience
Prevention strategies can reduce risk
Professional medical evaluation is always recommended

Conclusion: Comprehensive Concussion Care at Health Hub Springfield Lakes

Concussion management has evolved significantly from the days of “shake it off” mentality to sophisticated, evidence-based medical care. At Health Hub Springfield Lakes, we provide world-class concussion assessment, treatment, and recovery support using the latest research and clinical guidelines from leading neurological institutions worldwide.

Our comprehensive approach addresses every aspect of concussion care, from immediate injury assessment to long-term recovery monitoring. Whether you’re an athlete, student, worker, or anyone who has sustained a head injury, our expert medical team is here to provide the specialized care you need for optimal recovery.

Don’t underestimate the importance of proper concussion care. Early intervention, appropriate treatment, and comprehensive recovery support can make the difference between full recovery and long-term complications. Contact Health Hub Springfield Lakes today to schedule your concussion assessment and begin your journey toward complete recovery.

Remember: When it comes to brain injury, there are no minor concussions – only major brains that deserve major care.

Contact Health Hub Springfield Lakes Concussion Clinic

Phone: +61 7 3778 4888
Address: 18 Springfield Lakes Blvd, Springfield Lakes QLD 4300
Emergency: Available 24/7 for urgent concussion consultations
Online Booking: Schedule your assessment today

Health Hub Springfield Lakes Concussion Clinic – Your brain deserves expert care.

Medical References

McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvorak, J., et al. (2017). Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 838-847.
Echemendia, R. J., Meeuwisse, W., McCrory, P., et al. (2017). The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (SCAT5): Background and rationale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 848-850.
Giza, C. C., & Hovda, D. A. (2014). The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery, 75(Suppl 4), S24-S33.
Leddy, J. J., Haider, M. N., Ellis, M. J., et al. (2018). Early subthreshold aerobic exercise for sport-related concussion: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(4), 319-325.
Silverberg, N. D., Gardner, A. J., Brubacher, J. R., et al. (2019). Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(4), 517-526.
Iverson, G. L., Gardner, A. J., Terry, D. P., et al. (2017). Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(12), 941-948.
Manley, G., Gardner, A. J., Schneider, K. J., et al. (2017). A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(12), 969-977.
Davis, G. A., Anderson, V., Babl, F. E., et al. (2017). What is the difference in concussion management in children as compared with adults? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(12), 949-957.
Harmon, K. G., Clugston, J. R., Dec, K., et al. (2019). American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(4), 213-225.
Schneider, K. J., Leddy, J. J., Guskiewicz, K. M., et al. (2017). Rest and treatment/rehabilitation following sport-related concussion: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(12), 930-934.
Ellis, M. J., Leddy, J. J., & Willer, B. (2015). Physiological, vestibulo-ocular and cervicogenic post-concussion disorders: An evidence-based classification system with directions for treatment. Brain Injury, 29(2), 238-248.
Scorza, K. A., Raleigh, M. F., & O’Connor, F. G. (2012). Current concepts in concussion: Evaluation and management. American Family Physician, 85(2), 123-132.
Lumba-Brown, A., Yeates, K. O., Sarmiento, K., et al. (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), e182853.
Polinder, S., Cnossen, M. C., Real, R. G., et al. (2018). A multidimensional approach to post-concussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 1113.
Patricios, J. S., Ardern, C. L., Hislop, M. D., et al. (2018). Implementation of the 2017 Berlin Concussion in Sport Group Consensus Statement in contact and collision sports: A joint position statement. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 28(4), 375-348.
Makdissi, M., Schneider, K. J., Feddermann-Demont, N., et al. (2017). Approach to investigation and treatment of persistent symptoms following sport-related concussion: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(12), 958-968.
Feddermann-Demont, N., Echemendia, R. J., Schneider, K. J., et al. (2017). What domains of clinical function should be assessed after sport-related concussion? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(12), 903-918.
Kontos, A. P., Elbin, R. J., Schatz, P., et al. (2012). A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: Baseline and postconcussion factors. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(10), 2375-2384.
McKee, A. C., Cairns, N. J., Dickson, D. W., et al. (2016). The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathologica, 131(1), 75-86.
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., et al. (2005). Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery, 57(4), 719-726.
Stern, R. A., Riley, D. O., Daneshvar, D. H., et al. (2011). Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. PM&R, 3(10), S460-S467.
Blennow, K., Hardy, J., & Zetterberg, H. (2012). The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. Neuron, 76(5), 886-899.
Papa, L., Ramia, M. M., Edwards, D., Johnson, B. D., & Slobounov, S. M. (2015). Systematic review of clinical studies examining biomarkers of brain injury in athletes after sports-related concussion. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(10), 661-673.
Alosco, M. L., Mez, J., Tripodis, Y., et al. (2018). Age of first exposure to tackle football and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Annals of Neurology, 83(5), 886-901.
Bramley, H., Heverley, S., Lewis, M. M., et al. (2015). Sleep disturbance following pediatric TBI: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 25, 63-75.